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        <li><a href="#概述">概述</a></li>
        <li><a href="#序列化">序列化</a></li>
        <li><a href="#最原始的办法">最原始的办法</a></li>
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    <article class="post">
        <header>
            <h1 class="post-title">Go存储基础内存结构体怎么写入文件</h1>
        </header>
        <date class="post-meta meta-date">
            2021年9月18日
        </date>
        
        <div class="post-meta">
            <span>|</span>
            
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                    阅读</span></span>
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        <div class="post-content">
            <h3 id="概述">概述</h3>
<p>讲了那么多存储的通用知识，从 Linux 的文件系统，块层，再到磁盘，都做了一些深入的分享。今天分享一个 Go 编程的使用技巧：怎么把内存的结构体写入到磁盘？又怎么读出来？</p>
<p>大家可以先思考下。其实把这里本质就是 IO 操作，关键看数据是怎么来的。我们常见的数据要么来源于文件，来源于网络的包，而常常忽略到其实内存的结构体本身就是数据。不就是字节数组嘛，不就是 010101 嘛。本质都一样。</p>
<p>数据在磁盘上，是感知不到什么结构体的，就是 0101010 的数据，文件就只是字节数组而已（计算机的最小数据存储单元是 Byte ，字节）。想清楚这点就很清晰了，**划重点，写入的时候关键在于怎么把结构体转变成字节数组，读取的时候关键在于怎么把字节数组转化成结构体。**怎么做到这点？</p>
<p>说白了，就是结构体到字节数组的转化嘛，专业一点的术语叫做序列化与反序列化。</p>
<p>其实不光是内存到磁盘，内存到网络，只要是涉及到跨平台，跨介质，都是如此，你必须把数据转化成一个计算机体系通用的形态：字节数组。</p>
<p>字节是最小的存储单位，所有计算机的理解是一致的，这才是宇宙通用，没有歧义的最小单位。</p>
<h3 id="序列化">序列化</h3>
<p>序列化有复杂的，有简单的，但本质都是一样，因为目标一致就是字节数组。不同的方式诞生了不同的协议，最出名的大概是 json，pb 。</p>
<p>举个栗子，以下面的 Test 为例：</p>
<div class="highlight"><pre style="color:#f8f8f2;background-color:#272822;-moz-tab-size:4;-o-tab-size:4;tab-size:4"><code class="language-go" data-lang="go"><span style="color:#75715e">// 按照对齐原则，Test 变量占用 16 字节的内存
</span><span style="color:#75715e"></span><span style="color:#66d9ef">type</span> <span style="color:#a6e22e">Test</span> <span style="color:#66d9ef">struct</span> {
 <span style="color:#a6e22e">F1</span> <span style="color:#66d9ef">uint64</span>
 <span style="color:#a6e22e">F2</span> <span style="color:#66d9ef">uint32</span>
 <span style="color:#a6e22e">F3</span> <span style="color:#66d9ef">byte</span>
}
</code></pre></div><h5 id="1-json-协议">1 json 协议</h5>
<p>如下，是一个把结构体按照 json 的协议格式转化成字节数组（序列化）的调用。</p>
<div class="highlight"><pre style="color:#f8f8f2;background-color:#272822;-moz-tab-size:4;-o-tab-size:4;tab-size:4"><code class="language-go" data-lang="go"><span style="color:#f92672">package</span> <span style="color:#a6e22e">main</span>

<span style="color:#f92672">import</span> (
    <span style="color:#e6db74">&#34;encoding/json&#34;</span>
    <span style="color:#e6db74">&#34;fmt&#34;</span>
)

<span style="color:#75715e">// 按照对齐原则，Test 变量占用 16 字节的内存
</span><span style="color:#75715e"></span><span style="color:#66d9ef">type</span> <span style="color:#a6e22e">Test</span> <span style="color:#66d9ef">struct</span> {
    <span style="color:#a6e22e">F1</span> <span style="color:#66d9ef">uint64</span>
    <span style="color:#a6e22e">F2</span> <span style="color:#66d9ef">uint32</span>
    <span style="color:#a6e22e">F3</span> <span style="color:#66d9ef">byte</span>
}

<span style="color:#66d9ef">func</span> <span style="color:#a6e22e">main</span>() {
    <span style="color:#a6e22e">t</span> <span style="color:#f92672">:=</span> <span style="color:#a6e22e">Test</span>{<span style="color:#a6e22e">F1</span>: <span style="color:#ae81ff">0x1234</span>, <span style="color:#a6e22e">F2</span>: <span style="color:#ae81ff">0x4567</span>, <span style="color:#a6e22e">F3</span>: <span style="color:#ae81ff">12</span>,}

    <span style="color:#75715e">// 测试序列化
</span><span style="color:#75715e"></span>    <span style="color:#a6e22e">bs</span>, <span style="color:#a6e22e">err</span> <span style="color:#f92672">:=</span> <span style="color:#a6e22e">json</span>.<span style="color:#a6e22e">Marshal</span>(<span style="color:#f92672">&amp;</span><span style="color:#a6e22e">t</span>)
    <span style="color:#66d9ef">if</span> <span style="color:#a6e22e">err</span> <span style="color:#f92672">!=</span> <span style="color:#66d9ef">nil</span> {
        panic(<span style="color:#e6db74">&#34;&#34;</span>)
    }
    <span style="color:#a6e22e">fmt</span>.<span style="color:#a6e22e">Printf</span>(<span style="color:#e6db74">&#34;t -&gt; []byte\t: %v\n&#34;</span>, <span style="color:#a6e22e">bs</span>)

    <span style="color:#75715e">// 测试反序列化
</span><span style="color:#75715e"></span>    <span style="color:#a6e22e">t1</span> <span style="color:#f92672">:=</span> <span style="color:#a6e22e">Test</span>{}
    <span style="color:#a6e22e">err</span> = <span style="color:#a6e22e">json</span>.<span style="color:#a6e22e">Unmarshal</span>(<span style="color:#a6e22e">bs</span>, <span style="color:#f92672">&amp;</span><span style="color:#a6e22e">t1</span>)
    <span style="color:#66d9ef">if</span> <span style="color:#a6e22e">err</span> <span style="color:#f92672">!=</span> <span style="color:#66d9ef">nil</span> {
        panic(<span style="color:#e6db74">&#34;&#34;</span>)
    }
    <span style="color:#a6e22e">fmt</span>.<span style="color:#a6e22e">Printf</span>(<span style="color:#e6db74">&#34;[]byte -&gt; t1\t: %v\n&#34;</span>, <span style="color:#a6e22e">t1</span>)
}
</code></pre></div><p>输出：</p>
<div class="highlight"><pre style="color:#f8f8f2;background-color:#272822;-moz-tab-size:4;-o-tab-size:4;tab-size:4"><code class="language-go" data-lang="go"><span style="color:#960050;background-color:#1e0010">$</span> <span style="color:#66d9ef">go</span> <span style="color:#a6e22e">build</span> <span style="color:#f92672">-</span><span style="color:#a6e22e">gcflags</span> <span style="color:#e6db74">&#34;-N -l&#34;</span> .<span style="color:#f92672">/</span><span style="color:#a6e22e">test_json_1</span>.<span style="color:#66d9ef">go</span> 
<span style="color:#960050;background-color:#1e0010">$</span> .<span style="color:#f92672">/</span><span style="color:#a6e22e">test_json_1</span> 
<span style="color:#a6e22e">t</span> <span style="color:#f92672">-</span>&gt; []<span style="color:#66d9ef">byte</span>     : [<span style="color:#ae81ff">123</span> <span style="color:#ae81ff">34</span> <span style="color:#ae81ff">70</span> <span style="color:#ae81ff">49</span> <span style="color:#ae81ff">34</span> <span style="color:#ae81ff">58</span> <span style="color:#ae81ff">52</span> <span style="color:#ae81ff">54</span> <span style="color:#ae81ff">54</span> <span style="color:#ae81ff">48</span> <span style="color:#ae81ff">44</span> <span style="color:#ae81ff">34</span> <span style="color:#ae81ff">70</span> <span style="color:#ae81ff">50</span> <span style="color:#ae81ff">34</span> <span style="color:#ae81ff">58</span> <span style="color:#ae81ff">49</span> <span style="color:#ae81ff">55</span> <span style="color:#ae81ff">55</span> <span style="color:#ae81ff">54</span> <span style="color:#ae81ff">55</span> <span style="color:#ae81ff">44</span> <span style="color:#ae81ff">34</span> <span style="color:#ae81ff">70</span> <span style="color:#ae81ff">51</span> <span style="color:#ae81ff">34</span> <span style="color:#ae81ff">58</span> <span style="color:#ae81ff">49</span> <span style="color:#ae81ff">50</span> <span style="color:#ae81ff">125</span>]
[]<span style="color:#66d9ef">byte</span> <span style="color:#f92672">-</span>&gt; <span style="color:#a6e22e">t1</span>    : {<span style="color:#ae81ff">4660</span> <span style="color:#ae81ff">17767</span> <span style="color:#ae81ff">12</span>}
</code></pre></div><p>这很简单，是的，这个也是我们经常用的姿势，但是我们的需求有各种各样的。</p>
<p>比如，Test 内存占用只有 16 个字节，但是 json 序列化完之后占用 30 个字节？我要求你这个 Test 结构体序列化成 16 字节的数组。你怎么做？你不能用 json 去做这个事情，因为你无法显式的控制序列化之后的样子，所以你只能自定义序列化。</p>
<h5 id="2-自定义">2 自定义</h5>
<p>自定义序列化规则怎么做呢？还是以 Test 举个例子：</p>
<div class="highlight"><pre style="color:#f8f8f2;background-color:#272822;-moz-tab-size:4;-o-tab-size:4;tab-size:4"><code class="language-go" data-lang="go"><span style="color:#f92672">package</span> <span style="color:#a6e22e">main</span>

<span style="color:#f92672">import</span> (
 <span style="color:#e6db74">&#34;encoding/binary&#34;</span>
 <span style="color:#e6db74">&#34;errors&#34;</span>
 <span style="color:#e6db74">&#34;fmt&#34;</span>
)

<span style="color:#75715e">// 按照对齐原则，Test 变量占用 16 字节的内存
</span><span style="color:#75715e"></span><span style="color:#66d9ef">type</span> <span style="color:#a6e22e">Test</span> <span style="color:#66d9ef">struct</span> {
 <span style="color:#a6e22e">F1</span> <span style="color:#66d9ef">uint64</span>
 <span style="color:#a6e22e">F2</span> <span style="color:#66d9ef">uint32</span>
 <span style="color:#a6e22e">F3</span> <span style="color:#66d9ef">byte</span>
}

<span style="color:#66d9ef">func</span> (<span style="color:#a6e22e">t</span> <span style="color:#f92672">*</span><span style="color:#a6e22e">Test</span>) <span style="color:#a6e22e">Marshal</span>() ([]<span style="color:#66d9ef">byte</span>, <span style="color:#66d9ef">error</span>) {
 <span style="color:#75715e">// 创建一个 16 字节的 buffer
</span><span style="color:#75715e"></span> <span style="color:#a6e22e">buf</span> <span style="color:#f92672">:=</span> make([]<span style="color:#66d9ef">byte</span>, <span style="color:#ae81ff">16</span>)
 <span style="color:#75715e">// 序列化
</span><span style="color:#75715e"></span> <span style="color:#a6e22e">binary</span>.<span style="color:#a6e22e">BigEndian</span>.<span style="color:#a6e22e">PutUint64</span>(<span style="color:#a6e22e">buf</span>[<span style="color:#ae81ff">0</span>:<span style="color:#ae81ff">8</span>], <span style="color:#a6e22e">t</span>.<span style="color:#a6e22e">F1</span>)
 <span style="color:#a6e22e">binary</span>.<span style="color:#a6e22e">BigEndian</span>.<span style="color:#a6e22e">PutUint32</span>(<span style="color:#a6e22e">buf</span>[<span style="color:#ae81ff">8</span>:<span style="color:#ae81ff">12</span>], <span style="color:#a6e22e">t</span>.<span style="color:#a6e22e">F2</span>)
 <span style="color:#a6e22e">buf</span>[<span style="color:#ae81ff">12</span>] = <span style="color:#a6e22e">t</span>.<span style="color:#a6e22e">F3</span>

 <span style="color:#66d9ef">return</span> <span style="color:#a6e22e">buf</span>, <span style="color:#66d9ef">nil</span>
}

<span style="color:#66d9ef">func</span> (<span style="color:#a6e22e">t</span> <span style="color:#f92672">*</span><span style="color:#a6e22e">Test</span>) <span style="color:#a6e22e">Unmarshal</span>(<span style="color:#a6e22e">buf</span> []<span style="color:#66d9ef">byte</span>) <span style="color:#66d9ef">error</span> {
 <span style="color:#66d9ef">if</span> len(<span style="color:#a6e22e">buf</span>) <span style="color:#f92672">!=</span> <span style="color:#ae81ff">16</span> {
  <span style="color:#66d9ef">return</span> <span style="color:#a6e22e">errors</span>.<span style="color:#a6e22e">New</span>(<span style="color:#e6db74">&#34;length not match&#34;</span>)
 }
 <span style="color:#75715e">// 反序列化
</span><span style="color:#75715e"></span> <span style="color:#a6e22e">t</span>.<span style="color:#a6e22e">F1</span> = <span style="color:#a6e22e">binary</span>.<span style="color:#a6e22e">BigEndian</span>.<span style="color:#a6e22e">Uint64</span>(<span style="color:#a6e22e">buf</span>[<span style="color:#ae81ff">0</span>:<span style="color:#ae81ff">8</span>])
 <span style="color:#a6e22e">t</span>.<span style="color:#a6e22e">F2</span> = <span style="color:#a6e22e">binary</span>.<span style="color:#a6e22e">BigEndian</span>.<span style="color:#a6e22e">Uint32</span>(<span style="color:#a6e22e">buf</span>[<span style="color:#ae81ff">8</span>:<span style="color:#ae81ff">12</span>])
 <span style="color:#a6e22e">t</span>.<span style="color:#a6e22e">F3</span> = <span style="color:#a6e22e">buf</span>[<span style="color:#ae81ff">12</span>]
 <span style="color:#66d9ef">return</span> <span style="color:#66d9ef">nil</span>
}

<span style="color:#66d9ef">func</span> <span style="color:#a6e22e">main</span>() {
 <span style="color:#a6e22e">t</span> <span style="color:#f92672">:=</span> <span style="color:#a6e22e">Test</span>{<span style="color:#a6e22e">F1</span>: <span style="color:#ae81ff">0x1234</span>, <span style="color:#a6e22e">F2</span>: <span style="color:#ae81ff">0x4567</span>, <span style="color:#a6e22e">F3</span>: <span style="color:#ae81ff">12</span>,}

 <span style="color:#75715e">// 测试序列化
</span><span style="color:#75715e"></span> <span style="color:#a6e22e">bs</span>, <span style="color:#a6e22e">err</span> <span style="color:#f92672">:=</span> <span style="color:#a6e22e">t</span>.<span style="color:#a6e22e">Marshal</span>()
 <span style="color:#66d9ef">if</span> <span style="color:#a6e22e">err</span> <span style="color:#f92672">!=</span> <span style="color:#66d9ef">nil</span> {
  panic(<span style="color:#e6db74">&#34;&#34;</span>)
 }
 <span style="color:#a6e22e">fmt</span>.<span style="color:#a6e22e">Printf</span>(<span style="color:#e6db74">&#34;t -&gt; []byte\t: %v\n&#34;</span>, <span style="color:#a6e22e">bs</span>)

 <span style="color:#75715e">// 测试反序列化
</span><span style="color:#75715e"></span> <span style="color:#a6e22e">t1</span> <span style="color:#f92672">:=</span> <span style="color:#a6e22e">Test</span>{}
 <span style="color:#a6e22e">err</span> = <span style="color:#a6e22e">t1</span>.<span style="color:#a6e22e">Unmarshal</span>(<span style="color:#a6e22e">bs</span>)
 <span style="color:#66d9ef">if</span> <span style="color:#a6e22e">err</span> <span style="color:#f92672">!=</span> <span style="color:#66d9ef">nil</span> {
     panic(<span style="color:#e6db74">&#34;&#34;</span>)
    }
    <span style="color:#a6e22e">fmt</span>.<span style="color:#a6e22e">Printf</span>(<span style="color:#e6db74">&#34;[]byte -&gt; t1\t: %v\n&#34;</span>, <span style="color:#a6e22e">t1</span>)
}
</code></pre></div><p>这样我们就能严格控制我们想要输出的序列化数组了。运行这个程序，输入如下：</p>
<div class="highlight"><pre style="color:#f8f8f2;background-color:#272822;-moz-tab-size:4;-o-tab-size:4;tab-size:4"><code class="language-go" data-lang="go"><span style="color:#960050;background-color:#1e0010">$</span> <span style="color:#66d9ef">go</span> <span style="color:#a6e22e">build</span> <span style="color:#f92672">-</span><span style="color:#a6e22e">gcflags</span> <span style="color:#e6db74">&#34;-N -l&#34;</span> .<span style="color:#f92672">/</span><span style="color:#a6e22e">test_json</span>.<span style="color:#66d9ef">go</span> 
<span style="color:#960050;background-color:#1e0010">$</span> .<span style="color:#f92672">/</span><span style="color:#a6e22e">test_json</span> 

<span style="color:#a6e22e">t</span> <span style="color:#f92672">-</span>&gt; []<span style="color:#66d9ef">byte</span>     : [<span style="color:#ae81ff">0</span> <span style="color:#ae81ff">0</span> <span style="color:#ae81ff">0</span> <span style="color:#ae81ff">0</span> <span style="color:#ae81ff">0</span> <span style="color:#ae81ff">0</span> <span style="color:#ae81ff">18</span> <span style="color:#ae81ff">52</span> <span style="color:#ae81ff">0</span> <span style="color:#ae81ff">0</span> <span style="color:#ae81ff">69</span> <span style="color:#ae81ff">103</span> <span style="color:#ae81ff">12</span> <span style="color:#ae81ff">0</span> <span style="color:#ae81ff">0</span> <span style="color:#ae81ff">0</span>]
[]<span style="color:#66d9ef">byte</span> <span style="color:#f92672">-</span>&gt; <span style="color:#a6e22e">t1</span>    : {<span style="color:#ae81ff">4660</span> <span style="color:#ae81ff">17767</span> <span style="color:#ae81ff">12</span>}
</code></pre></div><p>千万不要觉得疑惑，你把这个输出转成 16 进制的输出，你就会发现其实是：</p>
<div class="highlight"><pre style="color:#f8f8f2;background-color:#272822;-moz-tab-size:4;-o-tab-size:4;tab-size:4"><code class="language-go" data-lang="go"><span style="color:#a6e22e">t</span> <span style="color:#f92672">-</span>&gt; []<span style="color:#66d9ef">byte</span>     : [<span style="color:#ae81ff">0</span> <span style="color:#ae81ff">0</span> <span style="color:#ae81ff">0</span> <span style="color:#ae81ff">0</span> <span style="color:#ae81ff">0</span> <span style="color:#ae81ff">0</span> <span style="color:#ae81ff">0x12</span> <span style="color:#ae81ff">0x34</span> <span style="color:#ae81ff">0</span> <span style="color:#ae81ff">0</span> <span style="color:#ae81ff">0x45</span> <span style="color:#ae81ff">0x67</span> <span style="color:#ae81ff">12</span> <span style="color:#ae81ff">0</span> <span style="color:#ae81ff">0</span> <span style="color:#ae81ff">0</span>]
[]<span style="color:#66d9ef">byte</span> <span style="color:#f92672">-</span>&gt; <span style="color:#a6e22e">t1</span>    : {<span style="color:#ae81ff">0x1234</span> <span style="color:#ae81ff">0x4567</span> <span style="color:#ae81ff">12</span>}
</code></pre></div><p>这就是序列化和反序列化的本来样貌，其他各种序列化协议的都和这个是一样的。</p>
<p>但注意了，无论是哪种，这种相互转化一定是无损的才行，不能说 Test 这个结构体里面是 0x1234 ，经过你的序列化，再反序列化出来里面的值变成 0x3333 了，这是不行的。</p>
<h4 id="字节序大小端">字节序：大小端</h4>
<p>细心的小伙伴肯定注意到了，我使用了 binary.BigEndian.Uint64 这个函数，这个函数是把一个 64 位的整形转化成一个大端序的字节数组。这里就引出了一个概念，什么是大端序？小端序又是什么？一般有什么遵守惯例呢？</p>
<p>划重点：字节的大小端是只针对多字节的基础类型才需要考虑的。</p>
<p>举个栗子，现在有一个 uint32 的整数 0x11 22 33 44，计算机怎么存储？磁盘怎么存储呢？</p>
<p>我们之前说过，计算机的存储单元是字节。一个 uint32 是 4 字节，你怎么摆放这 4 个字节呢？</p>
<p>直观的想法，有两种方式喽（左到右，低地址 -&gt; 高地址）。</p>
<ul>
<li>第一种摆放姿势：0x11 0x22 0x33 0x44</li>
<li>第二种摆放姿势：0x44 0x33 0x22 0x11</li>
</ul>
<p>第一种就是所谓的大端序，第二种就是所谓的小端序。</p>
<p>划重点：最高有效位 在 低地址，那就是大端序，最低有效位 在 低地址那就是小端序。</p>
<p>现实世界中，大部分机器处理器体系是小端序，比如 x86，有的机器是大端序，比如 PowerPC 970 等。</p>
<h4 id="关于大小端的其实是有一些惯例">关于大小端的其实是有一些惯例：</h4>
<ul>
<li>机器 CPU 处理一般基本都是小端；</li>
<li>网络传输、磁盘存储默认大端；</li>
</ul>
<p>大端序更符合人的习惯，这个很容易理解吧，比如你把 0x11223344，按照大端序打印出来的每个字节是 0x11 0x22 0x33 0x44 ，小端序则是 0x44 0x33 0x22 0x11 ，你说哪个好看些？</p>
<p>所以呢，自定义序列化的时候，千万注意大小端。因为这里可能引入不兼容的坑。比如如果你不显式把一个整型序列化成一个大端序，那按照默认的方式存储到磁盘，到时候你读取上来的时候，到底是按照大端还是还是小端反序列化呢？这就是坑。</p>
<h3 id="最原始的办法">最原始的办法</h3>
<p>结构体转化成字节数组一定要序列化这么高级姿势吗？</p>
<p>不一定呀。结构体本身就是内存块，本身就是字节数组，所以把结构体地址强转成 []byte 的地址是简单也最原始的**“序列化”**方式</p>
<h5 id="1-强转类型">1 强转类型</h5>
<div class="highlight"><pre style="color:#f8f8f2;background-color:#272822;-moz-tab-size:4;-o-tab-size:4;tab-size:4"><code class="language-go" data-lang="go"><span style="color:#f92672">package</span> <span style="color:#a6e22e">main</span>

<span style="color:#f92672">import</span> (
 <span style="color:#e6db74">&#34;fmt&#34;</span>
 <span style="color:#e6db74">&#34;unsafe&#34;</span>
)

<span style="color:#75715e">// 按照对齐原则，Test 变量占用 16 字节的内存
</span><span style="color:#75715e"></span><span style="color:#66d9ef">type</span> <span style="color:#a6e22e">Test</span> <span style="color:#66d9ef">struct</span> {
 <span style="color:#a6e22e">F1</span> <span style="color:#66d9ef">uint64</span>
 <span style="color:#a6e22e">F2</span> <span style="color:#66d9ef">uint32</span>
 <span style="color:#a6e22e">F3</span> <span style="color:#66d9ef">byte</span>
}

<span style="color:#66d9ef">func</span> <span style="color:#a6e22e">Struct2Bytes</span>(<span style="color:#a6e22e">p</span> <span style="color:#a6e22e">unsafe</span>.<span style="color:#a6e22e">Pointer</span>, <span style="color:#a6e22e">n</span> <span style="color:#66d9ef">int</span>) []<span style="color:#66d9ef">byte</span> {
 <span style="color:#66d9ef">return</span> ((<span style="color:#f92672">*</span>[<span style="color:#ae81ff">4096</span>]<span style="color:#66d9ef">byte</span>)(<span style="color:#a6e22e">p</span>))[:<span style="color:#a6e22e">n</span>]
}

<span style="color:#66d9ef">func</span> <span style="color:#a6e22e">main</span>() {
 <span style="color:#a6e22e">t</span> <span style="color:#f92672">:=</span> <span style="color:#a6e22e">Test</span>{<span style="color:#a6e22e">F1</span>: <span style="color:#ae81ff">0x1234</span>, <span style="color:#a6e22e">F2</span>: <span style="color:#ae81ff">0x4567</span>, <span style="color:#a6e22e">F3</span>: <span style="color:#ae81ff">12</span>}
 <span style="color:#a6e22e">bytes</span> <span style="color:#f92672">:=</span> <span style="color:#a6e22e">Struct2Bytes</span>(<span style="color:#a6e22e">unsafe</span>.<span style="color:#a6e22e">Pointer</span>(<span style="color:#f92672">&amp;</span><span style="color:#a6e22e">t</span>), <span style="color:#ae81ff">16</span>)
 <span style="color:#a6e22e">fmt</span>.<span style="color:#a6e22e">Printf</span>(<span style="color:#e6db74">&#34;t -&gt; []byte\t: %v\n&#34;</span>, <span style="color:#a6e22e">bytes</span>)
}
</code></pre></div><p>输出：</p>
<div class="highlight"><pre style="color:#f8f8f2;background-color:#272822;-moz-tab-size:4;-o-tab-size:4;tab-size:4"><code class="language-go" data-lang="go"><span style="color:#960050;background-color:#1e0010">$</span> .<span style="color:#f92672">/</span><span style="color:#a6e22e">test_direct</span> 
<span style="color:#a6e22e">t</span> <span style="color:#f92672">-</span>&gt; []<span style="color:#66d9ef">byte</span>     : [<span style="color:#ae81ff">52</span> <span style="color:#ae81ff">18</span> <span style="color:#ae81ff">0</span> <span style="color:#ae81ff">0</span> <span style="color:#ae81ff">0</span> <span style="color:#ae81ff">0</span> <span style="color:#ae81ff">0</span> <span style="color:#ae81ff">0</span> <span style="color:#ae81ff">103</span> <span style="color:#ae81ff">69</span> <span style="color:#ae81ff">0</span> <span style="color:#ae81ff">0</span> <span style="color:#ae81ff">12</span> <span style="color:#ae81ff">0</span> <span style="color:#ae81ff">0</span> <span style="color:#ae81ff">0</span>], <span style="color:#a6e22e">len</span>:<span style="color:#ae81ff">16</span>
</code></pre></div><p>发现没，这个是小端序的输出（前面说过了，机器默认的字节序是小端序）。</p>
<h3 id="文件读写">文件读写</h3>
<p>到这里已经非常简单了，因为前面我们已经把结构体和字节数组互转的方法详细介绍了。写入文件的是字节数组，从文件读出来的是文件数组。就是这样简单。</p>
<p>写一个结构体的步骤如下：</p>
<ol>
<li>先把结构体搞成字节数组的形态；</li>
<li>然后写入</li>
</ol>
<p>读一个结构体的步骤如下：</p>
<ol>
<li>先从文件中读数据，读到一个字节 buffer 中；</li>
<li>强转成结构体</li>
</ol>
<p>举个栗子：</p>
<div class="highlight"><pre style="color:#f8f8f2;background-color:#272822;-moz-tab-size:4;-o-tab-size:4;tab-size:4"><code class="language-go" data-lang="go"><span style="color:#f92672">package</span> <span style="color:#a6e22e">main</span>

<span style="color:#f92672">import</span> (
 <span style="color:#e6db74">&#34;fmt&#34;</span>
    <span style="color:#e6db74">&#34;log&#34;</span>
    <span style="color:#e6db74">&#34;os&#34;</span>
    <span style="color:#e6db74">&#34;unsafe&#34;</span>
)

<span style="color:#75715e">// 按照对齐原则，Test 变量占用 16 字节的内存
</span><span style="color:#75715e"></span><span style="color:#66d9ef">type</span> <span style="color:#a6e22e">Test</span> <span style="color:#66d9ef">struct</span> {
 <span style="color:#a6e22e">F1</span> <span style="color:#66d9ef">uint64</span>
 <span style="color:#a6e22e">F2</span> <span style="color:#66d9ef">uint32</span>
 <span style="color:#a6e22e">F3</span> <span style="color:#66d9ef">byte</span>
}

<span style="color:#66d9ef">func</span> <span style="color:#a6e22e">Struct2Bytes</span>(<span style="color:#a6e22e">p</span> <span style="color:#a6e22e">unsafe</span>.<span style="color:#a6e22e">Pointer</span>, <span style="color:#a6e22e">n</span> <span style="color:#66d9ef">int</span>) []<span style="color:#66d9ef">byte</span> {
 <span style="color:#66d9ef">return</span> ((<span style="color:#f92672">*</span>[<span style="color:#ae81ff">4096</span>]<span style="color:#66d9ef">byte</span>)(<span style="color:#a6e22e">p</span>))[:<span style="color:#a6e22e">n</span>]
}

<span style="color:#66d9ef">func</span> <span style="color:#a6e22e">main</span>() {
 <span style="color:#a6e22e">t</span> <span style="color:#f92672">:=</span> <span style="color:#a6e22e">Test</span>{<span style="color:#a6e22e">F1</span>: <span style="color:#ae81ff">0x1234</span>, <span style="color:#a6e22e">F2</span>: <span style="color:#ae81ff">0x4567</span>, <span style="color:#a6e22e">F3</span>: <span style="color:#ae81ff">12</span>}
    <span style="color:#75715e">// 强转类型
</span><span style="color:#75715e"></span> <span style="color:#a6e22e">bytes</span> <span style="color:#f92672">:=</span> <span style="color:#a6e22e">Struct2Bytes</span>(<span style="color:#a6e22e">unsafe</span>.<span style="color:#a6e22e">Pointer</span>(<span style="color:#f92672">&amp;</span><span style="color:#a6e22e">t</span>), <span style="color:#ae81ff">16</span>)

 <span style="color:#a6e22e">fmt</span>.<span style="color:#a6e22e">Printf</span>(<span style="color:#e6db74">&#34;t -&gt; []byte\t: %v\n&#34;</span>, <span style="color:#a6e22e">bytes</span>)

    <span style="color:#a6e22e">fd</span>, <span style="color:#a6e22e">err</span> <span style="color:#f92672">:=</span> <span style="color:#a6e22e">os</span>.<span style="color:#a6e22e">OpenFile</span>(<span style="color:#e6db74">&#34;test_bytes.txt&#34;</span>, <span style="color:#a6e22e">os</span>.<span style="color:#a6e22e">O_RDWR</span>|<span style="color:#a6e22e">os</span>.<span style="color:#a6e22e">O_CREATE</span>, <span style="color:#ae81ff">0666</span>)
    <span style="color:#66d9ef">if</span> <span style="color:#a6e22e">err</span> <span style="color:#f92672">!=</span> <span style="color:#66d9ef">nil</span> {
        <span style="color:#a6e22e">log</span>.<span style="color:#a6e22e">Fatalf</span>(<span style="color:#e6db74">&#34;create failed, err:%v\n&#34;</span>,<span style="color:#a6e22e">err</span>)
    }

    <span style="color:#75715e">// 结构体写入文件
</span><span style="color:#75715e"></span>    <span style="color:#a6e22e">_</span>, <span style="color:#a6e22e">err</span> = <span style="color:#a6e22e">fd</span>.<span style="color:#a6e22e">Write</span>(<span style="color:#a6e22e">bytes</span>)
    <span style="color:#66d9ef">if</span> <span style="color:#a6e22e">err</span> <span style="color:#f92672">!=</span> <span style="color:#66d9ef">nil</span> {
        <span style="color:#a6e22e">log</span>.<span style="color:#a6e22e">Fatalf</span>(<span style="color:#e6db74">&#34;write failed, err:%v\n&#34;</span>, <span style="color:#a6e22e">err</span>)
    }

    <span style="color:#a6e22e">t1</span> <span style="color:#f92672">:=</span> <span style="color:#a6e22e">Test</span>{}
    <span style="color:#75715e">// 强转出一个 16 字节的内存 buffer 来 
</span><span style="color:#75715e"></span>    <span style="color:#a6e22e">t1Bytes</span> <span style="color:#f92672">:=</span> <span style="color:#a6e22e">Struct2Bytes</span>(<span style="color:#a6e22e">unsafe</span>.<span style="color:#a6e22e">Pointer</span>(<span style="color:#f92672">&amp;</span><span style="color:#a6e22e">t1</span>), <span style="color:#ae81ff">16</span>)
    <span style="color:#75715e">// 从文件中把数据读出来
</span><span style="color:#75715e"></span>    <span style="color:#a6e22e">_</span>, <span style="color:#a6e22e">err</span> = <span style="color:#a6e22e">fd</span>.<span style="color:#a6e22e">ReadAt</span>(<span style="color:#a6e22e">t1Bytes</span>, <span style="color:#ae81ff">0</span>)
    <span style="color:#66d9ef">if</span> <span style="color:#a6e22e">err</span> <span style="color:#f92672">!=</span> <span style="color:#66d9ef">nil</span> {
        <span style="color:#a6e22e">log</span>.<span style="color:#a6e22e">Fatalf</span>(<span style="color:#e6db74">&#34;read failed, err:%v\n&#34;</span>, <span style="color:#a6e22e">err</span>)
    }

    <span style="color:#a6e22e">fmt</span>.<span style="color:#a6e22e">Printf</span>(<span style="color:#e6db74">&#34;t1 -&gt; []byte\t: %v\n&#34;</span>, <span style="color:#a6e22e">t1Bytes</span>)
}
</code></pre></div><p>输出如下：</p>
<div class="highlight"><pre style="color:#f8f8f2;background-color:#272822;-moz-tab-size:4;-o-tab-size:4;tab-size:4"><code class="language-go" data-lang="go"><span style="color:#960050;background-color:#1e0010">$</span> .<span style="color:#f92672">/</span><span style="color:#a6e22e">test_direct</span> 
<span style="color:#a6e22e">t</span> <span style="color:#f92672">-</span>&gt; []<span style="color:#66d9ef">byte</span>     : [<span style="color:#ae81ff">52</span> <span style="color:#ae81ff">18</span> <span style="color:#ae81ff">0</span> <span style="color:#ae81ff">0</span> <span style="color:#ae81ff">0</span> <span style="color:#ae81ff">0</span> <span style="color:#ae81ff">0</span> <span style="color:#ae81ff">0</span> <span style="color:#ae81ff">103</span> <span style="color:#ae81ff">69</span> <span style="color:#ae81ff">0</span> <span style="color:#ae81ff">0</span> <span style="color:#ae81ff">12</span> <span style="color:#ae81ff">0</span> <span style="color:#ae81ff">0</span> <span style="color:#ae81ff">0</span>]
<span style="color:#a6e22e">t1</span> <span style="color:#f92672">-</span>&gt; []<span style="color:#66d9ef">byte</span>    : [<span style="color:#ae81ff">52</span> <span style="color:#ae81ff">18</span> <span style="color:#ae81ff">0</span> <span style="color:#ae81ff">0</span> <span style="color:#ae81ff">0</span> <span style="color:#ae81ff">0</span> <span style="color:#ae81ff">0</span> <span style="color:#ae81ff">0</span> <span style="color:#ae81ff">103</span> <span style="color:#ae81ff">69</span> <span style="color:#ae81ff">0</span> <span style="color:#ae81ff">0</span> <span style="color:#ae81ff">12</span> <span style="color:#ae81ff">0</span> <span style="color:#ae81ff">0</span> <span style="color:#ae81ff">0</span>]
</code></pre></div><p>变量 t 和 变量 t1 完全一致。完美撒花。最后再看一眼文件的样子：</p>
<div class="highlight"><pre style="color:#f8f8f2;background-color:#272822;-moz-tab-size:4;-o-tab-size:4;tab-size:4"><code class="language-go" data-lang="go"><span style="color:#960050;background-color:#1e0010">$</span> <span style="color:#a6e22e">hexdump</span> <span style="color:#f92672">-</span><span style="color:#a6e22e">C</span> <span style="color:#a6e22e">test_bytes</span>.<span style="color:#a6e22e">txt</span> 
<span style="color:#ae81ff">00000000</span>  <span style="color:#ae81ff">34</span> <span style="color:#ae81ff">12</span> <span style="color:#ae81ff">00</span> <span style="color:#ae81ff">00</span> <span style="color:#ae81ff">00</span> <span style="color:#ae81ff">00</span> <span style="color:#ae81ff">00</span> <span style="color:#ae81ff">00</span>  <span style="color:#ae81ff">67</span> <span style="color:#ae81ff">45</span> <span style="color:#ae81ff">00</span> <span style="color:#ae81ff">00</span> <span style="color:#ae81ff">0</span><span style="color:#a6e22e">c</span> <span style="color:#ae81ff">00</span> <span style="color:#ae81ff">00</span> <span style="color:#ae81ff">00</span>  |<span style="color:#ae81ff">4.</span><span style="color:#f92672">......</span><span style="color:#a6e22e">gE</span><span style="color:#f92672">......</span>|
<span style="color:#ae81ff">00000010</span>
</code></pre></div><p>发现了吗？其实就是你结构体直接强转成 Byte 数组的样子</p>

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        <li><strong>原文作者：</strong><a rel="author" href="https://luckly.work/">luckly</a></li>
        <li style="word-break:break-all"><strong>原文链接：</strong><a href="https://luckly.work/post/go_tips/Go%E5%AD%98%E5%82%A8%E5%9F%BA%E7%A1%80%E5%86%85%E5%AD%98%E7%BB%93%E6%9E%84%E4%BD%93%E6%80%8E%E4%B9%88%E5%86%99%E5%85%A5%E6%96%87%E4%BB%B6/">https://luckly.work/post/go_tips/Go%E5%AD%98%E5%82%A8%E5%9F%BA%E7%A1%80%E5%86%85%E5%AD%98%E7%BB%93%E6%9E%84%E4%BD%93%E6%80%8E%E4%B9%88%E5%86%99%E5%85%A5%E6%96%87%E4%BB%B6/</a></li>
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